Modeling characters for optimal performance

To design character Models for optimal renderingThe process of drawing graphics to the screen (or to a render texture). By default, the main camera in Unity renders its view to the screen. More info
See in Glossary and animation speed:

• Use a single skinned Mesh Renderer
• Use as few Materials as possible
• Use as few bones as possible
• Minimize the polygon count
• Keep forward and inverse kinematics separate

Using these techniques might help increase the animation and rendering speed of your characters, but be aware that they might also reduce the visual fidelity and realistic effects you are trying to achieve. There is no single answer for every situation that can produce a perfect balance between better performance and visual realism. You have to find the perfect balance according to the complexity of your characters and your sceneA Scene contains the environments and menus of your game. Think of each unique Scene file as a unique level. In each Scene, you place your environments, obstacles, and decorations, essentially designing and building your game in pieces. More info
See in Glossary, vs. the overall appearance and realism that you require.

Use a single skinned Mesh Renderer

Use only a single skinned Mesh Renderer for each character. Unity optimizes animation using visibility culling and bounding volumeA closed shape representing the edges and faces of a collider or trigger. More info
See in Glossary updates, and only activates these optimizations if you use one Animation component and one skinned MeshThe main graphics primitive of Unity. Meshes make up a large part of your 3D worlds. Unity supports triangulated or Quadrangulated polygon meshes. Nurbs, Nurms, Subdiv surfaces must be converted to polygons. More info
See in Glossary Renderer in conjunction. Using two skinned Meshes in place of a single Mesh could roughly double rendering time for a Model, and there is seldom any practical advantage in using multiple Meshes.

Use as few Materials as possible

Keep the number of MaterialsAn asset that defines how a surface should be rendered, by including references to the Textures it uses, tiling information, Color tints and more. The available options for a Material depend on which Shader the Material is using. More info
See in Glossary on each Mesh as low as possible. Only have more than one Material on a character when you need to use different Shaders for different parts, such as a special ShaderA small script that contains the mathematical calculations and algorithms for calculating the Color of each pixel rendered, based on the lighting input and the Material configuration. More info
See in Glossary for the eyes. However, two or three Materials per character should be sufficient in almost all cases.

Use as few bones as possible

In general, the fewer bones you use, the better the performance is. However, sometimes you need to create characters with a large number of bones: for example, when you want a lot of customizable attachments. These extra bones increase the size of the build, and may have a relative processing cost for each additional bone. For example, 15 additional bones on a rig that already has 30 bones takes Unity 50% more operations to solve in Generic mode, which might impact the time it takes to solve.

Note that you can have additional bones for Generic and Humanoid types. When you have no animations playing using the additional bones, the processing cost should be negligible. This cost is even lower if their attachments are non-existent or hidden.

For performance reasons, use linear blend skinningThe process of binding bone joints to the vertices of a character’s mesh or ‘skin’. Performed with an external tool, such as Blender or Autodesk Maya. More info
See in Glossary with a maximum of four influences per vertex. However, some 3D modeling applications allow more than four bones to influence vertices, so you have to weigh the performance cost against greater control. For more information, see Importing skinned Meshes.

Minimize the polygon count

The number of polygons you should use depends on the visual quality you require and the platform you are targeting. These two competing facts are equally true:

• The fewer the polygons you use in your Meshes, the faster your application runs. This is because every vertex, edge, or face requires computing resources.
• The more polygons you use in your Meshes, the more detailed and organic your GameObjectsThe fundamental object in Unity scenes, which can represent characters, props, scenery, cameras, waypoints, and more. A GameObject’s functionality is defined by the Components attached to it. More info
  See in Glossary look, because smaller polygons give you more control over the shape.

Also consider what else is competing for rendering resources. If you have a lot of GameObjects or TerrainThe landscape in your scene. A Terrain GameObject adds a large flat plane to your scene and you can use the Terrain’s Inspector window to create a detailed landscape. More info
See in Glossary objects on screen at the same time, consider reducing the polygon count per Mesh.

Desktop platforms can generally handle more complexity than mobile platforms, but performance on mobile platforms can vary enormously depending on the quality and capacity of the device itself.

Keep forward and inverse kinematics separate

When Unity imports animations, it bakes a Model’s inverse kinematic (IK) nodes into forward kinematicsThe geometry that describes the position and orientation of a character’s joints and bodies. Used by inverse kinematics to control character movement.
See in Glossary (FK), and so Unity doesn’t need the IK nodes at all. However, if they are left in the Model, then Unity still includes them in calculations, even though they don’t affect the animation. You can either delete the redundant IK nodes in Unity or in your 3D modeling application. To facilitate removing the IK nodes, keep separate IK and FK hierarchies while modeling.